System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
assumes that the black box is independent
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
all of the listed here
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed

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