Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a truncated conical pivot bearing, considering uniform wear, is

(1/2). μ W cosec α [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(2/3). μ W cosec α [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(1/2). μ W cosec α (r₁ + r₂)
(2/3).μ W cosec α (r₁ + r₂)

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of these

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