Power Systems
Surge impedance loading of a transmission line can be increased by

 addition of lumped inductance in parallel
 increasing its voltage level
 both 1 and 3
 addition of lumped capacitance in series

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Power Systems
The incremental fuel costs for two generating units G1 and G2 are given by Ic1 = 25 + 0.2 PG1 and Ic2 = 32 + 0.2 PG2, where PG1 and PG2 are real powers generated by the units. The economic allocation for a total load of 250 MW, neglecting transmission loss, is given by

 PG1 = 142.5 MW and PG2 = 107.5 MW
 PG1 = 100 MW and PG2 = 150 MW
 PG1 = 109.75 MW and PG2 = 140.25 MW
 PG1 = 125 MW and PG2 = 125 MW

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Power Systems
The draft tube is provided to

 raise the water surface of the stream to create an artificial head.
None of these
  increase the acting head on the water wheel.
 reduce the effect of water hammer.

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