Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Remains same throughout
Increases upwards
Decreases upwards
May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88

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