Process Equipment and Plant Design
Elastic failure of a material occurs, when the tensile stress equals yield strength, yield point or the elastic limit. Also, the elastic failure occurs according to maximum strain theory, when the maximum tensile strain equals (where, σ = yield strength and E = modulus of elasticity)

E/σ
Σ
Σ/E
E

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Weep holes provided in the plates of a distillation column

Are normally located near the overflow weir so that any delivery of liquid during operation follows approximately the same path as the overflow fluid
All of these
Facilitate draining out liquid from a tray when the unit is not in operation
Must be large enough (usually 1/4" to 5/8" dia) to prevent plugging but should not deliver excessive amount of fluid during operation

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