Mass Transfer
Pick out the correct relationship. (where, Ri = internal reflux ratio Ro = external reflux ratio. )

(1 + Ro) = Ro/Ri
(1 - Ri) = Ro/Ri
(1 + Ri) = Ro/Ri
(1 - Ro) = Ro/Ri

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Mass Transfer
Plate efficiency

Increases due to liquid entrainment
Increases due to weeping and dumping of liquid
Increases due to foaming
Is a function of the mass transfer between liquid and vapour

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Mass Transfer
Steam distillation is used to

Avoid thermal decomposition of a component
Increase the total pressure of distillation
Increase the efficiency of separation
Reduce the number of plates

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