Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Results in higher shell side pressure drop
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient
Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
None of these
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation

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