Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient
Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Results in higher shell side pressure drop

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
All of these
Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must

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