Process Equipment and Plant Design
Ratio of tube length to shell diameter for a shell and tube heat exchanger is

4 : 1 to 8 : 1 for liquid-liquid exchanger
8 : 1 to 12 : 1 for both liquid-liquid and gas-gas heat exchangers
< 4 : 1 for gas-gas exchangers
Both B & C

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

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