Microbiology of Soils
Syntrophism involves

exchange of nutrients among species
no exchange of nutrients between two species
exchange of nutrients between two species
no exchange of nutrients among species

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation by the microorganisms can be detected by adopting the approach of

All of these
demonstrating growth in a nitrogen free medium
measuring15N2 by mass spectrometer
cultivating the microorganisms in the presence of nitrogen labeled with isotropic nitrogen

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation

both (a) and (b)
especially changes nitrogen compounds, mostly amines such as NH2
changes the free nitrogen (N2) to a form usable by plants
fix the free nitrogen (N2) by which it should not be usable by plants

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