Process Equipment and Plant Design
Le/D for fully open gate valves would be

Both B and C
Around 7
Much more than that for fully open globe valves
Much less (say 2% than that for fully open globe valves)

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell
Remains same throughout
Increases upwards
Decreases upwards

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