Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
A great circle passing through the place and the poles
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
double sighting
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two

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