Surveying
If ‘f’ is the focal length of the camera lens and ‘θ’ is the angle of tilt, the distance of the plumb point from the principal point will be

f sin θ
f sec θ
f tan θ
f cos θ

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Are also known as cumulative errors
Always follow some definite mathematical law
All listed here

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