Machine Design
In order to remove internal stresses produced by hardening the steel, the process usually adopted is

Annealing
Normalizing
Tempering
Spheroidizing

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to bending
Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets

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