Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

None of these
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Abrupt change of section
All of these
Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member

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