Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Legendre's method
Least square method
D'Alembert's method
Gauss' Mid Latitude formula

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
is less accurate than height of instrument method
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels

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