Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

D'Alembert's method
Legendre's method
Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
Least square method

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Surveying
Homologous points are

Nodal points of the camera lens
Opposite corners of a photograph
Plumb points of stereo pair of photographs
Corresponding points on the ground and photograph

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