Electrical Machines
In a DC machine the armature mmf is

  stationary with respect to field poles.
  stationary with respect to armature.
 rotating with respect to field poles.
  rotating with respect to field poles as well as armature.

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.
  any of the above methods.
  coupling it with a DC compound motor.

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