Mass Transfer
In distillation column design, the McCabe-Thiele procedure is inadequate and a Ponchan-Savarit procedure is needed, when

The latent heat of vaporisation of the more and less volatile components are greatly different
An azeotrope forms
A total condenser is used
Saturated feed is not used

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In towers packed with stacked packing
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In dumped packing of regular units

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