Electrical Machines
In DC generators, the cause of rapid brush wear may be

 rough commutator surface.
 imperfect contact.
 severe sparking.
 any of above.

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Electrical Machines
In a DC machine the armature mmf is

 rotating with respect to field poles.
  rotating with respect to field poles as well as armature.
  stationary with respect to field poles.
  stationary with respect to armature.

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