Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Wires are not twisted
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction
Direction of twist of wires and strands are same

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Machine Design
A stud

Has pointed threads
Has both the ends threaded
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets

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