Chemical Reaction Engineering
In case of staged packed bed reactors carrying out exothermic reaction, use

High recycle for pure gas
Cold shot operations for a dilute solution requiring large preheating to bring the stream upto the reaction temperature
Plug flow for dilute liquid requiring no large preheating of feed
All of these

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Chemical Reaction Engineering
A catalyst loses its activity due to

All of these
Loss in surface area of the active component
Agglomeration of metal particles caused by thermal sintering of the solid surface
Covering of the catalytic active sites by a foregin substance

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