Process Equipment and Plant Design
In case of design of a shell and tube heat exchanger,

O.D. of the tube is 6 to 40 mm while the tube lengths used are 0.5, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6 metres
Minimum cleaning lane of 6.5 mm is provided, when tubes are on a square pitch
All of these
Minimum tube sheet thickness (in which tubes are fixed) is equal to the O.D. of the tube upto 15 mm tube diameter; and for > 15 mm tube diameter, tube sheet thickness is smaller than tube diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
None of these
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation

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