Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the

Low gas velocity
Large plate spacing
Resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps & risers and the flow of gas
Large reflux ratio

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Straight flange section and corner torus section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Central dished section and straight flange section
Corner torus section and central dished section

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