Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the exhaust valve

Opens at 30° before bottom dead centre and closes at 10° after top dead centre
Opens at bottom dead centre and closes at top dead centre
Opens at 30° after bottom dead centre and closes at 10° before top dead centre
May open and close anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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