DC Generators
In a D.C. generator the ripples in the direct e.m.f. generated are reduced by

Using conductor of annealed copper
Using commutator with large number of segments
Using carbon brushes of superior quality
Using equalizer rings

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DC Generators
When two D.C. generators are running in parallel an equalizer bar is used

To increase the series flux
So that the two identical machines will pass approximately equal currents to the load
To increase the generated e.m.f.
To reduce the combined effect of armature reaction of both the machines

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DC Generators
While applying Fleming's right-hand rule to and the direction of induced e.m.f., the thumb points towards

Direction of induced e.m.f.
Direction of motion of conductor, if forefinger points along the lines of flux
Direction of motion of the conductor if forefinger points in the direction of generated e.m.f.
Direction of flux

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