Electrical Machines
In a DC generator sparking between brushes and commutator surface may be due to

  too rapid reversal of current.
  under commutation.
 over commutation.
  any of the above.

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Electrical Machines
In a DC generator, the armature reaction results in

  magnetization of inter poles.
 magnetization of leading and demagnetization of trailing pole tip.
  demagnetization of leading & magnetization of trailing pole tip.
 demagnetization of centers of poles.

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