Electrical Machines
In a DC generator sparking between brushes and commutator surface may be due to

  under commutation.
 over commutation.
  any of the above.
  too rapid reversal of current.

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Electrical Machines
The results of a slip test for determining direct axis (Xd) and quadrature axis (Xq) reactances of a star connected salient pole alternator are given below Phase values: Vmax = 108 V ; Vmin = 96 V Imax = 12 A ; Imin = 10 A Hence the two reactances will be

 Xd = 8Ω and Xq = 10.8Ω
 Xd = 10.8Ω and Xq = 8Ω
 Xd = 9.6Ω and Xq = 9Ω
 Xd = 9Ω and Xq = 9.6Ω

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