Electrical Machines
In a DC generator sparking between brushes and commutator surface may be due to

  under commutation.
 over commutation.
  too rapid reversal of current.
  any of the above.

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Electrical Machines
In a synchronous motor when the rotor speed exceeds the synchronous speed during hunting

  the damper bars develop induction generator torque.
  negative sequence currents are generated.
  the damper bars develop synchronous motor torque.
  the damper bars develop induction motor torque.

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