RCC Structures Design
As per IS : 456, the reinforcement in a column should not be less than

0.6% and not more than 6% of cross-sectional area
0.8% and not more than 8% of cross-sectional area
0.7% and not more than 7% of cross-sectional area
0.5% and not more than 5% of cross-sectional area

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RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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