Surveying
If ‘δ’ is the declination of the star and ‘φ’ is the latitude of the observer, then the azimuth of the star at elongation is given by

None of these
sin z = sec φ . cos δ
tan z = sec φ . cos δ
cos z = sec φ . cos δ

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Surveying
Which of the following errors can be eliminated by taking mean of bot face observations ?

error due to eccentricity of verniers
error due to imperfect graduations
error due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis
error due to imperfect adjustment of plate levels

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