Surveying
If ‘δ’ is the declination of the Polaris and ‘λ’ is the latitude of the place, the azimuth of the Polaris, is

sin (90° - δ)/sin (90° - λ)
cos δ/cos λ
tan (90° + δ)/tan (90° + λ)
cos (90° - δ)/cos (90° - λ)

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Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle passing through the place and the poles
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place

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Surveying
Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations ?

index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier
None of these
error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation
error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis

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