Surveying
If ‘δ’ is the declination of the Polaris and ‘λ’ is the latitude of the place, the azimuth of the Polaris, is

sin (90° - δ)/sin (90° - λ)
cos δ/cos λ
tan (90° + δ)/tan (90° + λ)
cos (90° - δ)/cos (90° - λ)

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Surveying
The length of a chain is measured from

outside of one handle to inside of other handle
outside of one handle to outside of other handle
inside of one handle to inside of other handle
centre of one handle to centre of other handle

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Surveying
Which of the following errors is not eliminated by the method of repetition of horizontal angle measurement ?

error due to wrong adjustment of line of collimation and trunnion axis
error due to eccentricity of verniers
error due to displacement of station signals
error due to inaccurate graduation

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