Theory of Machine
Higher pairs are those which have

Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Two elements that permit relative motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion

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Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a flat collar bearing, considering uniform pressure, is (where r₁ and r₂ = External and internal radii of collar respectively)

(2/3). μ W (r₁ + r₂)
(1/2). μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(2/3). μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(1/2). μ W (r₁ + r₂)

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Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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