Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
For hydro-dynamically smooth boundary, the friction coefficient for turbulent flow is

constant
a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness
dependent on relative roughness only
dependent only on Reynolds number

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/x̅) - Ax̅

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

pressure becomes more than critical pressure
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid
pressure is increased
flow is increased

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