Chemical Reaction Engineering
For a tubular reactor with space time 'τ' and residence time 'θ', the following statement holds good.

τ = θ , for a non-isothermal reactor
τ = θ , for an isothermic tubular reactor in which the density of the process fluid is constant
τ = θ , when the fluid density changes in the reactor
τ and θ are always equal

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Chemical Reaction Engineering
In case of staged packed bed reactors carrying out exothermic reaction, use

High recycle for pure gas
Plug flow for dilute liquid requiring no large preheating of feed
All of these
Cold shot operations for a dilute solution requiring large preheating to bring the stream upto the reaction temperature

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