Heat and Mass Transfer
Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be white when (Where a = absorptivity, p = reflectivity, x = transmissivity)

P = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
P = 0, x = 1 and a = 0
X = 0, a + p = 1
P=1, T = 0 and a = 0

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Heat and Mass Transfer
A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For best results

Better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Whether to put inferior OIL over pipe or the better one would depend on steam temperature
Both may be put in any order

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube

Thermal conductivity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat × Viscosity
Equivalent thickness of film
Thermal conductivity Molecular diffusivity of momentum Thermal diffusivity
Film coefficient × Inside diameter Thermal conductivity

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