Heat and Mass Transfer
In counter flow heat exchangers

Both the fluids at exit are in their hottest state
One fluid is in hottest state and other in coldest state at inlet
Both the fluids at inlet (of heat exchanger where hot fluid enters) are in their coldest state
Both the fluids at inlet are in their hottest state

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The time constant of a thermocouple is

The time taken to attain the final temperature to be measured
The time taken to attain 50% of the value of initial temperature difference
Determined by the time taken to reach 100°C from 0°C
The time taken to attain 63.2% of the value of initial temperature difference

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Fourier's law of heat conduction is (where Q = Amount of heat flow through the body in unit time, A = Surface area of heat flow, taken at right angles to the direction of heat flow, dT = Temperature difference on the two faces of the body, dx = Thickness of the body, through which the heat flows, taken along the direction of heat flow, and k = Thermal conductivity of the body)

k. (dT/dx)
k. A. (dx/dT)
k. A. (dT/dx)
k. (dx/dT)

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