Heat and Mass Transfer
Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be opaque when

X = 0, a + p = 1
P = 0, x = 1 and a = 0
P = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
P=1, x = 0 and a = 0

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as the ratio of

Thickness of film of fluid to the thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity to the equivalent thickness of the film of fluid
Thickness of film of fluid to the temperature drop through the films of fluids
Temperature drop through the films of fluids to the thickness of film of fluids

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The heat transfer by conduction through a thick cylinder (Q) is given by (where T₁ = Higher temperature, T₂ = Lower temperature, r₁ = Inside radius, r₂ = Outside radius, l = Length of cylinder, and k = Thermal conductivity)

Q = [2π (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 lk log (r₂/r₁)
Q = 2.3 log (r₂/r₁)/[2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]
Q = [2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 log (r₂/r₁)
Q = = 2πlk/2.3 (T₁ - T₂) log (r₂/r₁)

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Heat and Mass Transfer
According to Prevost theory of heat exchange

It is impossible to transfer heat from low temperature source to t high temperature source
Heat transfer by radiation requires no medium
All bodies above absolute zero emit radiation
Heat transfer in most of the cases takes place by combination of conduction, convection and radiation

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