Process Equipment and Plant Design
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

None of these
Making the joint leak proof
Preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening
Reduction of discontinuity in shape at the junction

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient
Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Results in higher shell side pressure drop

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