Process Equipment and Plant Design
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

Making the joint leak proof
Preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening
Reduction of discontinuity in shape at the junction
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Feed is not at its bubble point

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