Machine Design
An elastic bar is fixed at the upper end and loaded at the lower end by a falling weight. The shock load produced can be reduced by

Decreasing the modulus of elasticity of the bar
Decreasing the cross-sectional area of the bar
All of these
Increasing the length of bar

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets

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