Environmental Engineering
Air binding phenomena in rapid sand filters occur due to

Mud ball formation
Higher turbidity in the effluent
Low temperature
Excessive negative head

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Environmental Engineering
Sludge volume index is defined as the ratio of

Percentage of total solids by weight to percentage of sludge by volume
Percentage of sludge by volume to percentage of total solids by weight
Percentage of sludge by volume to percentage of suspended solids by weight
Percentage of suspended solids by weight to percentage of sludge by volume

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Environmental Engineering
The polluted water is one which

Is contaminated
Is safe and suitable for drinking and domestic use
Contains pathogenic bacteria
Consists of undesirable substances rendering it unfit for drinking and domestic use

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