Heat and Mass Transfer
According to Stefan Boltzmann law, ideal radiators emit radiant energy at a rate proportional to

Fourth power of absolute temperature
Square of temperature
Fourth power of temperature
Absolute temperature

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube

Thermal conductivity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat × Viscosity
Thermal conductivity Molecular diffusivity of momentum Thermal diffusivity
Equivalent thickness of film
Film coefficient × Inside diameter Thermal conductivity

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The time constant of a thermocouple is

The time taken to attain 63.2% of the value of initial temperature difference
Determined by the time taken to reach 100°C from 0°C
The time taken to attain the final temperature to be measured
The time taken to attain 50% of the value of initial temperature difference

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