Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
According to Francis formula, the discharge over a rectangular weir is (where n = Number of end contractions)

(2/3) × Cd (L - nH) × √(2g) × H5/2
(2/3) × Cd (L - 0.1nH) × √(2g) × H3/2
(2/3) × Cd (L - nH) × √(2gh)
(2/3) × Cd (L - nH) × √(2g) × H²

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid

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