Control Systems
A second order control system is defined by the following equation: 4 d²c(t)/dt² + 8 dc(t)/dt + 16 c(t) = 16 u(t) The damping ratio and natural frequency for this system are respectively

 0.50 and 2 rad/s
 0.25 and 2 rad/s
 0.50 and 4 rad/s
 0.25 and 4 rad/s

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Control Systems
When deriving the transfer function of linear element

 initial conditions are taken into account but the element is assumed to be not loaded.
 initial conditions are assumed to be zero and the element is assumed to be not loaded.
 both initial conditions and loading are taken into account.
 initial conditions are assumed to be zero but loading is taken into account.

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