Electrical Machines
A DC series motor must started on no load because it would

 Not develop starting torque.
 Fail to start without load.
  Run at dangerously high speed.
 Draw more current without producing sufficient torque.

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Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 shift forward by 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°
 coincide with the GNA
 shift forward by more than 90°

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