Theory of Machine
A circle passing through the pitch point with its center at the center of cam axis is known as

Pitch circle
Prime circle
Base circle
Outer circle

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of the listed here

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