System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that the black box is independent
All of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
None of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

all of the listed here
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.

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