Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Central dished section and corner torus section
Central dished section and straight flange section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Straight flange section and corner torus section

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow at a very slow velocity
Perferably flow outside the tube

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Both B & C
Is economical in operation
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle

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