UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Why do fluorescence spectrometers often use double-beam optics?

All of these
So a reference solution can be used
To compensate for beam attenuation by the monochromator
To compensate for power fluctuations in the radiation source

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Fluorescence occurs when

None of these
a molecule lowers its vibrational energy by losing it's excess energy as a photon
a molecule returns to the electronic ground state from an excited triplet state by losing it's excess energy as a photon
a molecule returns to the electronic ground state from an excited singlet state by losing it's excess energy as a photon

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
In the intersystem crossing

a molecule converts its excess energy to light, and emits a photon
the spin of an excited electron reverses, changing the state of the molecule (from singlet state to triplet state or vice versa)
a molecule converts excess electronic energy to vibrational energy
All of these

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Why must the radiation source for fluorescence spectrometry be more powerful than for absorption spectroscopy?

To allow for scattering by the sample
None of these
Because the magnitude of the output signal is proportional to the power of the incident radiation
Because the sample won't fluoresce if the incident radiation is of low power

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Internal conversion is where

None of these
A molecule converts excess electronic energy to vibrational energy
the spin of an excited electron reverses, changing the state of the molecule (from singlet state to triplet state or vice versa)
A molecule converts its excess energy to light, and emits a photon

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