Computer Networking
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

provides communication between the Internet Protocol Software on one machine and the Internet Protocol Software on another
None of these
reports error conditions to the original source, the source must relate errors to individual application programs and take action to correct the problem
All of these
allows gateways to send error a control messages to other gateways or hosts

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Computer Networking
The Token-Ring architecture was developed for a more efficient way to determine who should be transmitting at any one time. With Ethernet, collisions may take place, causing the transmitting computers to have to retransmit their data. The use of token guarantees that only one computer can transmit at a time. What happens as the network increases in size? Choose the best answer

After the number of nodes exceeds 550, the Multistation Access Unit must be replaced by the more powerful Hyperstation Unified Bandwidth device
An additional token is added for every 1,000 nodes
The network becomes more efficient
The speed of the Token-Ring network must be 16Mbps if the number of nodes is greater then 500
The network becomes less efficient

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Computer Networking
Error detecting code is

None of these
an error-detecting code based on a summation operation performed on the bits to be checked
a code in which each expression conforms to specify rules of construction, so that if certain errors occur in an expression, the resulting expression will not conform to the rules of construction and
the ratio of the data units in error to the total number of data units
a check bit appended to an array of binary digits to make the sum of all the binary digits.

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