Mass Transfer
For water-ethanol system, the minimum reflux ratio

Is computed from the intercept of the operating line
Is the optimum reflux ratio
Cannot be computed
Is computed from the slope of the upper operating line that is tangent to the equilibrium curve

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Mass Transfer
Blowdown in a cooling tower

Increases the scale forming tendencies of water
All of these
Means discarding a small fraction of circulating water to prevent and limit the concentration of salt and impurities
Is undesirable

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