Theory of Machine
When the elements of a pair are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a

Lower pair
Self-closed pair
Force-closed pair
Higher pair

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Theory of Machine
Hammer blow

Is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses.
Varies inversely with the square of the speed
Is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to balance the reciprocating masses
Varies as the square root of the speed

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Theory of Machine
The magnitude of velocities of the points on a rigid link is

Directly proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is parallel to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center
Inversely proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is perpendicular to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center
Inversely proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is parallel to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center
Directly proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is perpendicular to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center

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Theory of Machine
Two pulleys of radii r₁ and r₂ and at distance x apart are connected by means of an open belt drive. The length of the belt is

π (r₁ + r₂) + (r₁ + r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ + r₂) + (r₁ - r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + (r₁ + r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + (r₁ - r₂)²/x + 2x

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