Machine Design
When the connected members are very yielding (soft gasket) as compared to the bolt, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

Sum of the initial tension and external load applied
External load applied
Initial tension
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater

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Machine Design
When a machine member is subjected to torsion, the torsional shear stress set up in the member is

Maximum at both the centroidal axis and outer surface of the member
Zero at both the centroidal axis and outer surface of the member
Maximum at the centroidal axis and zero at the outer surface of the member
Zero at the centroidal axis and maximum at the outer surface of the member

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