Machine Design
When the connected members are very yielding (soft gasket) as compared to the bolt, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

Sum of the initial tension and external load applied
External load applied
Initial tension
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

All of these
Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
Abrupt change of section

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